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Flowers
and Fruits, pt. 9: Aggregate, Multiple, and Accessory Fruits A FRUIT is defined as "a ripened ovary containing seeds." Some "fruits" depart slightly from that definition. A large tight cluster of many individually small fruits may be presented or dispersed as a unit, thus it isn't "a" ripened ovary, but many of them. AGGREGATE FRUITS are clusters of small fruits derived from the separate carpels of a single (apocarpous) flower, whereas the individual little fruits on a MULTIPLE FRUIT can be traced back to separate flowers themselves tightly bunched in a head-like flower cluster ("capitulum" inflorescence type). These two multi-ovary fruit types can appear nearly identical in form, as a raspberry (aggregate) resembles a mulberry (multiple).  Since aggregate fruits and multiple fruits are clusters of some other fruits, it isn't enough to say simply that something is an aggregate fruit or a multiple fruit; you have to actually say what fruitlets it is an aggregate or multiple of. Below, raspberry. Pry off one of those tiny round globes and point the Enlargo-Ray at it, and (ta-dah!) you have a cherry. Give it other blast and it's more like a plum. The raspberry is an aggregate of "drupelets" (little drupes). MOUSEOVER
the image
to see blackberry in flower.
 Raspberry is an aggregate of druplets. Below,
sweetgum. This delightful tree is a southeastern lowland
species that is native to Ohio, but just barely so. It does very well
as a street tree, however, hence it is planted a lot. Sweetgum
produces inch-wide spiny balls that
fall to the ground specifically to annoy people.
MOUSEOVER
the image
to see sweetgum in flower.
 Sweetgum
"balls" are multiples of capsules..
Another way for a
"fruit" to depart slightly from the textbook definition --"a ripened
ovary containing seeds" --is for some organ other than the ovary to get
involved. These so-called ACCESSORY FRUITS
(sometimes
called "FALSE FRUITS") are not very common,
but two
of them are very well known.
 I think that I shall never see, a POME as lovely as a tree. Below, shadbush. This
early-flowering tree is also called "service-berry" because,
in colonial times when there was a death during winter with the ground
too frozen to perform a burial, the affair was postponed until
spring, when these trees were in bloom (hopefully cheering things up a
bit). The fruit is a POME, same as an apple or pear (or quince). A pome
is the characteristic fruit just of one subfamily
(Pomoidea) of the rose family (Rosaceae). It is derived from an
inferior ovary (hence the accurate distinction between the "stem end"
and the "blossom end" of an apple) which can be seen as the "core" deep
inside all the delicious fleshiness. The fleshy part of the pome is the
hypanthium.
MOUSEOVER
the image
to see service-berry in flower.
 The service-berry fruit is an apple-like pome. Below, the most
peculiar "fruit," the strawberry. Found only in two genera in the rose
family (Fragaria and Duchesnia),
Mr. Strawberry turns the notion of a fruit inside-out! The strawberry
flower is a typical rose family bloom, essentially what you see in cinquefoils (Potentilla), avens (Geum) and raspberry (Rubus,
near the top of this page): regular symmetry, separate flower parts (except
for a small hypanthium), and most importantly, an apocarpous gynoecium
with many spirally inserted carpels sitting on a thimble-shaped base
called the receptacle. When the strawberry
progresses into the fruiting stage, the receptacle becomes swollen and
fleshy while the actual fruits, single-seeded ACHENES, remain attached,
sunken into small pits on the surface of the receptacle.
MOUSEOVER
the image
to see strawberry in flower.
 The strawberries are is an accessory fruit. "Honey, I'm going to the grocery store to
buy some fruit."
"What do you plan to get, Sweetheart?" "Lots of things. I want some achenes, a pound of grain, some legumes, drupes, and berries... a pepo, a bag of pomes, and some of those delicious accessory fruits that have many achenes covering the expanded and fleshy dome-like receptacle of a single flower." "You've been talking very weirdly since you started visiting botany websites, Sweetheart! But don't forget we're out of chicken embryos, and on your way home, would you please stop at BP and fill the car's tank with mixed liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons?" |
